etivity1.1

Group:1 

Department:ACCOUNTING 

Participants Names                    REG Nbr

BIZWINAYO Dieudonne.               221023217

HABIMANA Yvette                    221015009

IMENYABAYO Elie                    221004136

HAGENIMANA Lambert               215023716

IRERA Aaron                         221009605

ISHIMWE Uwase Diane                221020581

IRADUKUNDA Soleil Celine           217214045

BONGO Yombo Sarha Lisebeth Jamilah 221030285

Computer System 

A computer system is a set of integrated devices that input, output, process, and store data and information. Computer systems are currently built around at least one digital processing device. There are five main hardware components in a computer system: Input, Processing, Storage, Output and Communication devices.

Components of a Computer System(As Functionalities)

Every computer system has the following three basic components:

1. Input unit

2. Central processing unit

3. Output 

Input Unit

These components help users enter data and commands into a computer system. Data can be in the form of numbers, words, actions, commands, etc. The main function of input devices is to direct commands and data into computers. Computers then use their CPU to process this data and produce output.

For example, a laptop’s keyboard is an input unit that enters numbers and characters. 

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

After receiving data and commands from users, a computer system now has to process it according to the instructions provided. Here, it has to rely on a component called the central processing unit. The CPU further uses these three elements:

a) Memory Unit

Once a user enters data using input devices, the computer system stores this data in its memory unit.

b) Arithmetic and Logic Unit

This part of the CPU performs arithmetic operations. It does basic mathematical calculations like addition, subtraction, division, multiplication, etc. Further, it can even perform logical fu

c) Control Unit

This unit is the backbone of computers. It is responsible for coordinating tasks between all components of a computer system. The control unit collects data from input units and sends it to pr

Output Unit

The third and final component of a computer system is the output unit. After processing of data, it is converted into a format which humans can understand. After conversion, the output units displays this data to users. Examples of output devices include monitors, screens, printers and speakers. 

Computer Generations 

Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used

Following are the main five generations of computers.

Classification of Computer System 

Computer scan is broadly classified by their speed and computing power.

PC (Personal Computer)

A PC can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual user. PCs are based on the microprocessor technology that enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal computers for word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and database management applications. At home, the most popular use for personal computers is playing games and surfing the Internet.

The workstation is a computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software development, and other such types of applications which require a moderate amount of computing power and relatively high-quality graphics capabilities.

Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, a large amount of RAM, inbuilt network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have mass storage device such as a disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called diskless workstations, comes without a disk drive.

Minicomputer

It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250 users simultaneously.

Mainframe

The mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programs concurrently and supports much simultaneous execution of programs.

Supercomputer

Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require an immense amount of mathematical calculations (number-crunching).

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Computer System 

ADVANTAGES 

1) Speed

This is one of the biggest advantages of computers. At present, the computer is no longer just a calculating device. 

2) Accuracy

Computers not only provide incredible speed, instead, they can also give you almost 100% accuracy. 

3) Multitasking

Multitasking is one of the major benefits of computers. A person can do many different tasks at the same time while working on a computer.

4) Storage

Computers can store and access vast amounts of data or information. The storage capacity of computers has increased these days compared to earlier days. Data can be stored separately for years in computer storage. 

The commonly used measurement units for calculating storage capacity are Mega-Byte (MB), Giga-Bytes (GB), Tera-Bytes (TB), and Peta-bytes (PB).

5) Data Security

Data Security is the process of protecting your digital data such as files, databases, and accounts, etc. The computer allows you to protect your data from destructive powers and unwanted or unauthorized users. It includes f

6) Automation

The computer can also be used to automate regular tasks such as launching specific applications or software, sending emails, scanning for viruses, 

7) Reduced Cost

Computers can be considered as a low-cost solution to earn money in many different ways. When a computer is connected to the Internet, it can be used to create and run an online blog or website, create software, selling products via e-commerce stores, performing data-entry tasks, and many other freelancing works

Disadvantages of Computer

The use of computers has also caused different problems in society. The following are the main problems or disadvantages of the computer:

1) Unemployment : As we discussed above that computers can perform many tasks automatically, this reduces the need for people and increases unemployment in the society. It has also negatively affected many others who do not have knowledge of working on computer systems.

2) Health Issues

Improper and prolonged use of computers can negatively affect your health. For example, if you are constantly working on the computer, your eyes will become dry, which can result in eye strain, headache, etc. 
3) Cyber Crimes: There are some people who use computers and the Internet for negative activities. They attempt to break the computer's security system and gain unauthorized access to hack credit card details and other personal information. 

4) Virus and Hacking Attacks: Viruses are computer programs developed to damage or steal your personal or sensitive data. In addition, hacking is the process of gaining unauthorized access to computers for certain illegal purposes. 

5) Improper Use: Most people do not understand the real need for computers. They just use computers without any positive motive. They keep using computers to play games, chat with friends on social media platforms, etc. 

6) Spread of False or Inappropriate Content

Not every information on the Internet is true. There are many resources for sharing incorrect information or providing inappropriate content to users.

7) Negative Impact on Environment

The computer manufacturing process produces a lot of waste parts. Also, when people change their electronics, they throw away their old devices. Such wastes can release hazardous toxic materials that significantly affect the environment. 

Essential Components of Computer System 

· Computer Hardware

· The hardware on a computer are the components of a computer you can physically touch. This includes the computer itself, the parts inside the computer and any peripherals (i.e. things that are attached to the computer):

· Monitor,

· Keyboard,

· Mouse,

· Computer Case,

· Printer,

· Graphics card,

· Power supply unit,

· Motherboard,

· CPU,

· RAM,

· Storage (HDD, DVD-ROM).

Software is a collection of instructionsand data that tell a computer how to work. This is in contrast to hardware, from which the system is built and actually performs the work . At the lowest programming level, executable code consists of machine language instructions supported by an individual processor—typically a central processing unit (CPU) or a graphics processing unit (GPU). Machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructionsthat change the state of the computer from its preceding state. For example, an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer—an effect that is not directly observable to the use

APPLICATION OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS 

Computers Aid at Education :

Computers have its dominant use in the education field which can significantly enhance performance in learning. Even distance learning is made productive and effective through internet and video-based classes. Researchers have massive usage of these computers in their work from the starting to till the end of their scholarly work.

Computers in our Health and Medicine :

Most of the medical information can now be digitized from the prescription to reports. Computation in the field of medicine allows us to-offer varied miraculous therapies to the patients. ECG’s, radiotherapy wasn’t possible without computers.

Aid of Computers at Financial Institutions :

We know well that computers are being used by the financial institutions like banks for different purposes. The foremost important thing is to store information about different account holders in a database to be available at any time. Keeping the records of the cash flow, giving the information regarding your account,

Computers for our Pass time :

Computers are now the major entertainers and the primary pass time machines. We can use computers for playing games, watching movies, listening to music, drawing pictures.

Computers are a part of our Transport System :

With internet on computers we can know the details of the buses or trains or the flight available to our desired destination. The timings and even the updates on the delay can also be known through these computers.We can book our tickets through online. Staff of the transport system will keep a track of the passengers, trains or flight details, departure and arrival timings by using computers.

Inevitable use of Computers in Business and Corporate Stages :

Every single information shared can be recorded by using computer. Official deals and the issues were made even through online. We use email system to exchange the information. 

Wonders of Computer in E-Commerce :

Electronic mail is the revolutionary service offered by the computes. Video Conferencing is also another major advantage. Electronic shopping through online shopping added favor to purchaser and merchants. 

Computer at our Defense :

Computers are the main tools which help in developing missiles and other equipment in the deference system. Designing and the maintenance are possible only through computers. Computer builds the links between the soldiers and commanders through the satellite 

Computer is today’s Designer :

As per the title,computers aid in designing buildings, magazines, prints, newspapers, books and many others.