Section 4.1 Psychological and behavioural challenges

Adolescent learners are characterized by significant social, emotional, and psychological changes. Many mental health issues, such as anxiety and depression, often appear at first but may go unnoticed or unaddressed. They commonly experience mood swings, emotional outbursts, and confusion about their identity, largely due to hormonal fluctuations associated with puberty. These emotional ups and downs contribute to the intense self questioning typical of adolescence, as young people grapple with questions like “Who am I?” and “Where do I belong?” This process can cause stress and lower self-esteem.

As adolescents, strive for independence, they may show rebellious behavior, challenge authority figures, or take part in risky activities. This behavior is a normal part of their development, reflecting their efforts to establish autonomy and define their personal identity. However, these actions can sometimes result in conflicts within the family or at school and, in some cases, lead to harmful or dangerous habits. Understanding these challenges is essential for providing support that helps adolescent learners navigate their complex stages in a healthy and constructive way.