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The term adolescence is derived from the Latin word “adolescence’ that means to grow to adulthood. Adolescence begins as a separate developmental stage at about the age 11 and ends at about the age of 22, the adolescence developmental stage can be distinguished based on physical and psychological characteristics and social roles. Adolescence is considered the transitional stage from childhood to adulthood that occurs between ages 13 and 19 (Santrock, 2018). But the physical and psychological changes that take place in adolescence can start earlier, during the preteen years between ages 9 and 12. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) is known as the father of adolescent psychology. He constructed a psychological theory of teenage development, and one major aspect of his theory was that this stage of life is characterized by ‘storm and stress” that most teens are by nature moody and untrustworthy.
The many physical, sexual, cognitive, social, and emotional changes that happen during this time can bring anticipation and anxiety for both adolescence and their families. Understanding what to expect at different stages can promote healthy development throughout adolescence and into early adulthood.
2. Cognitive development
2.4. Attachment and social development
Emotional bonds expand beyond family to include close friendships and romantic relationships. Attachment during adolescence shifts toward peers and significant others, forming the basis for adult intimacy, The appearance of adult physical characteristics brings new demands from parents for the adolescent to be more responsible and to act more like an adult. In this transition, the adolescent-parent relationship tends to deteriorate, and the home ceases to be the centre of social and emotional interest. As a result, adolescents develop more relationships with people outside the family, Healthy attachment and social support are crucial for emotional well-being and identity development.
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