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The term adolescence is derived from the Latin word “adolescence’ that means to grow to adulthood. Adolescence begins as a separate developmental stage at about the age 11 and ends at about the age of 22, the adolescence developmental stage can be distinguished based on physical and psychological characteristics and social roles. Adolescence is considered the transitional stage from childhood to adulthood that occurs between ages 13 and 19 (Santrock, 2018). But the physical and psychological changes that take place in adolescence can start earlier, during the preteen years between ages 9 and 12. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) is known as the father of adolescent psychology. He constructed a psychological theory of teenage development, and one major aspect of his theory was that this stage of life is characterized by ‘storm and stress” that most teens are by nature moody and untrustworthy.
The many physical, sexual, cognitive, social, and emotional changes that happen during this time can bring anticipation and anxiety for both adolescence and their families. Understanding what to expect at different stages can promote healthy development throughout adolescence and into early adulthood.
2. Cognitive development
2.2. Socio-emotional development
Adolescence is a critical stage marked by profound emotional and social changes. While adolescents may experience similar emotions, the intensity, triggers, and ways of responding to those emotions differ significantly. These differences are largely influenced by the hormonal and physical changes that occur during puberty, which often make adolescents more emotionally reactive and sensitive. Their moods may shift rapidly, and emotional responses can appear exaggerated or inconsistent.
Adolescents and young children experience similar emotions, but they are different in intensity, reaction and stimuli that lead to those emotions. The physical changes at puberty have effects on the adolescent’s emotions. They normally change so quickly in them emotional manifestations.
According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, adolescence is the genital stage where sexual maturity is reached, and the focus turns to forming intimate relationships. Emotional and physical changes during puberty shape adolescents’ self-image and influence how they interact socially. They begin to seek deeper connections beyond the family, especially romantic ones. Internal conflicts may arise between desires, reality, and moral standards, affecting emotional stability. Successfully resolving these tensions helps adolescents develop emotionally mature and socially responsible relationships. However, unresolved issues from earlier stages may resurface and hinder healthy development. Social experiences during this time are crucial for shaping adult identity and emotional growth. Physical changes affect self-image and emotional responses, influencing social interactions and identity formation.
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