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Post-natal development refers to the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur after birth and continue throughout a person’s life. This development is generally divided into several stages, including infancy, early childhood, middle and late childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Each stage is characterized by distinct growth patterns and developmental milestones. In this unit, however, we will focus specifically on postnatal development from infancy through late childhood. This includes infancy, which spans from birth to two years; early childhood, from around two or three years up to six or seven years; and middle to late childhood, from seven to twelve years.
1. Infancy (0-2 years)
1.7. Attachment development during infancy period
- Pre-attachment (0–2/3 months): Babies smile at anyone and can be comforted by anyone.
- Focusing on familiar people (3–6 months): Babies start to smile more and react positively to caregivers they know well.
- Clear-cut attachment (6–12 months): Babies form strong bonds with caregivers. They cry or protest when the caregiver leaves. They also start attaching to other family members.
- Reciprocal relationships (from 2 years): Children begin to understand that their actions affect others. For example, they may cry to get what they want or ask for explanations when parents leave.
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