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Post-natal development refers to the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur after birth and continue throughout a person’s life. This development is generally divided into several stages, including infancy, early childhood, middle and late childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Each stage is characterized by distinct growth patterns and developmental milestones. In this unit, however, we will focus specifically on postnatal development from infancy through late childhood. This includes infancy, which spans from birth to two years; early childhood, from around two or three years up to six or seven years; and middle to late childhood, from seven to twelve years.
1. Infancy (0-2 years)
1.5. Emotional development at infancy
- Babies show basic emotions such as happiness, anger, sadness, and fear, mostly through their facial expressions.
- Smiling begins early by the first month, babies smile at interesting things.
- Between 6 and 10 weeks, they develop a social smile when seeing human faces.
- By 3 months, they smile at anyone, especially familiar people.
- Laughing starts around 4 months, often when being kissed or tickled.
- Fear of strangers starts around 6 months and becomes stronger by 8months this is called 8th month anxiety.
- Crying is a way babies express their needs and show they want control.
- From birth to 6 months, babies show more happiness, especially around familiar people.
- Between 7–12 months, fear and anger increase, and they look to caregivers as a safe base.
- From 1 to 2 years, emotions like shame, pride, guilt, and embarrassment begin to appear, but only when others are present.
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