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Attachment theory, developed by John Bowlby and later expanded by Mary Ainsworth, explores the deep emotional bonds that form between children and their primary caregivers. It emphasizes that early interactions with caregivers shape a child’s sense of security and influence their social, emotional, and cognitive development. According to the theory, a secure attachment characterized by consistent, responsive, and nurturing care - lays the foundation for healthy relationships and emotional regulation throughout life. In contrast, insecure attachments may lead to difficulties in trust, behavior, and emotional well-being. Attachment theory has become a cornerstone in understanding child development, parenting, and educational practices.
3. Bowlby and the monotropic theory about attachment
3.4. Fourth stage: Formation of reciprocal relationships (24 months +)
As the child’s cognitive development progresses, he develops mental representations of others. That leads to being able to have multiple attachments, including secondary caregivers such as the father, relatives, or babysitters. The infants start to develop a more complete understanding of circumstances that influence the caregiver’s behaviour. It leads them to tolerate separation with less distress and to use mental representations of their caregivers for comfort. The world is way more predictable and less stressful for them. As the verbal skills develop, other communication skills develop and lead to toddlers expressing themselves in other ways than crying. It also helps the infants to understand their parents’ actions and motivations and can negotiate with them.
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