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Attachment theory, developed by John Bowlby and later expanded by Mary Ainsworth, explores the deep emotional bonds that form between children and their primary caregivers. It emphasizes that early interactions with caregivers shape a child’s sense of security and influence their social, emotional, and cognitive development. According to the theory, a secure attachment characterized by consistent, responsive, and nurturing care - lays the foundation for healthy relationships and emotional regulation throughout life. In contrast, insecure attachments may lead to difficulties in trust, behavior, and emotional well-being. Attachment theory has become a cornerstone in understanding child development, parenting, and educational practices.
3. Bowlby and the monotropic theory about attachment
3.1. First stage: Pre-attachment (0 to 6 weeks)
The first stage is the pre-attachment phase and takes place from birth to 6 weeks of age. There is usually no type of attachment with any specific individual at this time. Infants may recognize their caregivers, but they do not show a preference for them over strangers, and they won’t fuss if they get picked up by any stranger. In this phase the infant tries to get the caregivers attention by crying or smiling, which usually will illicit immediate action from the primary caregiver. Even though there is still no attachment between the two individuals, the bond is beginning to form. The reactions that the caregiver gives to the infant feed the positive response that the infant craves and start to create a strong emotional attachment between the two.
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