Section 2.3 Psychosocial development theory by Erik Erikson

Erikson’s theory emphasizes that education should address not only cognitive development but also the emotional and social needs of students at different ages.

a. Age-Appropriate Teaching and Support

Teachers should align their expectations and instruction with the psychosocial stage the learner is in. For example:

•    Industry vs. inferiority (6–12 years): Students are developing a sense of competence. Educators should provide tasks that promote success, offer positive feedback, and create opportunities to develop skills.

•    Identity vs. role confusion (12–18 years): Adolescents are exploring their personal identity. Teachers should encourage self-expression, critical thinking, and exploration of interests and values.

b. Promoting Self-Esteem and Confidence

Positive reinforcement and recognition help learners build a strong sense of self. Avoiding excessive criticism is crucial to prevent feelings of inferiority or confusion.

c. Social-Emotional Learning

Since Erikson emphasized social interaction in development, schools should incorporate activities that foster teamwork, communication, and empathy.

d. Understanding Individual Differences

Learners may progress through stages at different rates. Teachers must be sensitive to each student’s developmental needs and provide differentiated support.

e. Building a Supportive Environment

A safe, inclusive, and trusting classroom environment helps learners resolve psychosocial conflicts positively, enhancing both emotional well-being and academic success.