Section 2.3 Psychosocial development theory by Erik Erikson

a.     Trust vs Mistrust: The infant will develop a health balance between trust and mistrust if cared for and responded to consistently. Abuse or neglect will foster mistrust. Positive outcomes consist of the development of hope and drive, while negative outcomes could contribute to withdrawal.

b.     Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt: Autonomy means self-reliance and independence of thought and confidence to act for oneself. Toilet training is a significant part of this stage. Positive outcomes consist of willpower and self-control, while negative outcomes could contribute to compulsive behaviors.

c.      Initiative vs Guilt: Initiative means aptitude and self-confidence to perform actions, even with the understanding of risks and failure. Guilt results from abandonment or believing an action will draw disapproval. Positive outcomes foster purpose and direction, while negative outcomes encourage inhibition.

d.     Industry vs Inferiority: Industry means having a meaningful activity and the competence to perform a skill. Inferiority means feeling incapable of experiencing failure or inability to discover one’s own strengths. This stage is crucial in the school years. Positive outcomes foster competence, while negative outcomes encourage inertia. 

e.     Identity vs Role Confusion: Identity means understanding of self and how one fits into the surrounding world, while role confusion focuses on the inability to understand one’s self or personal identity. Positive outcomes foster fidelity and devotion, while negative outcomes encourage repudiation behaviour. 

f.      Intimacy vs Isolation: Intimacy means developing relationships with friends, family and partners. Isolation involves feeling of being excluded from relationships of partnership. These encompass sexual maturity, reciprocal love, support, and emotional connection. Positive outcomes foster love and affiliation, while negative outcomes encourage exclusivity. 

g.     Generativity vs Stagnation: Generativity means unconditional care for one’s offspring or the future generation to come, while stagnation refers to self-absorption/concentration. Positive outcomes foster care and giving, while negative outcomes encourage rejectivity. 

h.     Integrity vs Despair: Integrity means understanding of self and satisfaction with life, while despair contributes to feeling of wasted time, opportunity and chances. Positive outcomes foster wisdom, while negative outcomes encourage despair.