Section 1.3 Determinants of human development

1. Heredity

Two primary determinants of development are heredity and environment. Heredity, or genetic inheritance, refers to the transmission of physical and psychological traits from parents to their offspring through genes. It plays a vital role in shaping characteristics such as intelligence, temperament, physical features, and vulnerability to certain health conditions, forming the biological foundation for development.

2. Environment

The environment includes all external conditions and influences that affect an individual’s growth, such as the home and school setting, social relationships, cultural background, and availability of resources. A nurturing and enriching environment supports healthy development, while a deprived or negative environment can hinder it.

Environmental factors that influence human development are diverse. This module presents the following environment related factors:

Nutrition: Proper nutrition is critical for physical and cognitive development, especially during early childhood. Nutrient rich diets support brain development, immune function, and overall health. Malnutrition can lead to developmental delays and long-term health problems.

Health and medical care: Access to healthcare services, vaccinations, and medical interventions plays a vital role in ensuring proper development. Good health promotes active engagement in learning and physical activity, while poor health can impede progress in various developmental domains.

 Education and learning: Education fosters intellectual growth, critical thinking, language acquisition, and social skills. Formal and informal learning experiences contribute to cognitive and emotional development throughout life.

 Family and parenting: The quality of family life and parenting styles significantly impact on emotional security, social competence, and behavioral development. Supportive, nurturing, and consistent caregiving promotes healthy development.

 Socioeconomic status (SES): SES, including income, education, and occupation, affects access to resources such as quality education, healthcare, and safe living conditions. Higher SES is generally linked to better developmental outcomes.

 Culture and social values: Cultural beliefs and social values shape behavior, moral understanding, and identity. Culture influences child rearing practices, educational priorities, and social expectations.

 Life experiences and events: Significant life events, such as trauma, loss, success, or change, can leave lasting impressions on development. Positive experiences can enhance growth, while negative ones may require coping strategies and support.

In summary, human development is determined by both nature (genetics) and nurture (environment and experiences). Understanding the dynamic relationship between heredity and environment is essential for explaining the diversity of human development across individuals. A comprehensive understanding of these determinants helps in creating supportive conditions that foster optimal development at every stage of life.

2.1. Padlet activity

Click on the link and answer the question: 

In 3–4 sentences, explain two major determinants of human development. Use examples to show how each determinant influences growth or behaviour.